Modern science is a global enterprise and international research collaboration is a key feature of scientific and technological knowledge production. However, there is a growing concern that it faces challenges from those who seek to illegitimately acquire academic research and expertise or interfere with academic discourse. This has implications for national security, economic competitiveness and the integrity of research collaboration. This impacts researchers in STEM subjects, dual-use technologies, emerging technologies and commercially sensitive research areas, from AI and data science to mathematics and materials science. Equally, foreign interference can have consequences for the conduct of social sciences and humanities.